Let's briefly explore some pertinent details of each of these languages.

TIBETO-BURMAN

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1. Bhauti:

- Region: Likely the Himalayan region, including parts of modern-day Sikkim and Bhutan.

- Age: The Tibeto-Burman languages have ancient origins, though specific ages for Bhauti are not well-documented.

- Details: Part of a family of languages spoken by various ethnic groups in the Himalayas.

INDO-ARYAN

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2. Gandhari:

- Region: Ancient Gandhara, corresponding to present-day northwest Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan.

- Age: Flourished around the 3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE.

- Details: Known for the Gandhari Prakrit, written using the Kharosthi script; influential in early Buddhist texts.

3. Paisachi:

- Region: Possibly in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent.

- Age: Mentioned as early as the 5th century CE; details are sparse.

- Details: Considered a literary language with few surviving examples, often cited in folklore.

4. Sauraseni:

- Region: Around the central region of India, including what is now Madhya Pradesh.

- Age: Used as a literary Prakrit language in plays and poetry, around 1st century CE onwards.

- Details: Ancestor of the Western Hindi languages, including modern-day Hindi and Punjabi.

5. Magadhi:

- Region: Ancient Magadha, roughly the modern state of Bihar in India.

- Age: Prevalent in the 1st millennium BCE, continuing into the first half of the 1st millennium CE.

- Details: Associated with the spread of Buddhism and Jainism, and is a precursor to languages like Bengali, Assamese, and Odia.

6. Kamarupi:

- Region: Ancient Kamarupa, corresponding to modern Assam and parts of Bengal.

- Age: Flourished from the 4th to the 12th century CE.

- Details: An early form of Assamese, influential in the development of other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages.

7. Maharashtri:

- Region: Region corresponding to modern-day Maharashtra and neighbouring states.

- Age: Dominant around the 1st millennium BCE to 5th century CE.

- Details: Considered the "mother of Marathi," with a significant body of early literature, including the celebrated 'Gatha Saptashati'.

8. Odra:

- Region: Region around modern-day Odisha.

- Age: Known from the 10th century onwards, with inscriptions dating back to the 6th century.

- Details: Precursor to the Odia language, with distinctive script and literature.

9. Elu:

- Region: Ancient Sri Lanka.

- Age: Considered to be the earliest form of the Sinhalese language, with origins in the 3rd century BCE.

- Details: Shows significant influence from the Pali language, holding an important place in Sri Lankan history and culture.

DRAVIDIAN

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10. Kannada:

- Region: Primarily spoken in the state of Karnataka, India.

- Age: Old Kannada inscriptions date from the 5th century CE.

- Details: Rich literary tradition with extensive classical and medieval literature.

11. Telugu:

- Region: Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states in India.

- Age: Inscriptions date back to the 6th century CE.

- Details: Has a strong literary tradition with distinct script; often called the "Italian of the East."

12. Tulu:

- Region: Coastal Karnataka, specifically the Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts.

- Age: The earliest available Tulu writing dates to around the 15th century CE.

- Details: Has its own script and a rich oral literature tradition with folk songs and stories.

13. Malayalam:

- Region: Kerala state and the Union Territory of Lakshadweep in India.

- Age: Separated from Middle Tamil around the 9th century CE.

- Details: Malayalam has a unique script and a rich literary and cultural tradition.

14. Tamil:

- Region: Tamil Nadu in India, and Northern and Eastern Sri Lanka.

- Age: Tamil literature dates back to at least 500 BCE.

- Details: Recognized as one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world with an extensive body of literature.

SANSKRIT (Also Indo-Aryan)

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15. Sanskrit:

- Region: Pan-Indian subcontinent and beyond.

- Age: Vedic Sanskrit can be traced back to around 1500 BCE; Classical Sanskrit flourished from about 500 BCE.

- Details: The classical language of India, used extensively in literature and liturgy. It was the lingua franca for intellectual, spiritual, and religious discourse.

(collected from Facebook Krishna Sen)

The period from 1500 to 1800 in Asia was marked by significant trade and cultural exchange developments, primarily driven by the emergence of European maritime powers, technological advancements in navigation, and the establishment of global trading networks. Here are some critical aspects of Asia's trade and cultural interactions during this period:

1. European Expansion and Asian Trade Routes: European powers such as Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, France, and Britain sought to establish trade routes to Asia for valuable commodities such as spices, silk, porcelain, and tea. This led to the exploration and opening of maritime routes, bypassing the traditional overland Silk Road routes.

2. The Age of Exploration: The 15th and 16th centuries saw European explorers like Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, and Ferdinand Magellan venturing into unknown seas, eventually reaching Asia and establishing direct trade links with Asian civilizations.

3. Establishment of Trading Posts: European powers established trading posts and colonies in various parts of Asia. For example, the Portuguese set up bases in Goa (India), Malacca (Malaysia), and Macau (China); the Dutch in the Indonesian archipelago and parts of present-day Taiwan; and the British in India and Southeast Asia.

4. Impact on Asian Economies: The influx of European traders and goods significantly impacted Asian economies. Local rulers and merchants benefited from trade, but there were also disruptions and conflicts as European powers competed to control lucrative trade routes and resources.

5. Cultural Exchange and Hybridization: Trade brought about cultural exchange between Asia and Europe. Ideas, technologies, religions, languages, and goods were exchanged, leading to cultural hybridization and the emergence of new artistic forms, art styles, and culinary traditions.

6. Influence of Asian Goods in Europe: Asian luxury goods such as silk, spices (like pepper, cloves, and cinnamon), tea, and porcelain became highly sought after in Europe, leading to the establishment of trade networks known as the "Columbian Exchange" or "Global Trade Network."

7. Formation of Global Trade Networks: By the 17th and 18th centuries, global trade networks had become more established, connecting Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas in what has been termed the "First Global Age" or "Age of Mercantilism."

8. Challenges and Conflicts: The intensification of trade and colonial rivalries also led to conflicts and wars, such as the Anglo-Dutch Wars, the Anglo-French Wars, and the numerous wars between European powers and Asian states.

9. Cultural Syncretism: The exchange of ideas and cultures during this period contributed to developing syncretic cultural forms, blending elements from different traditions. For example, the spread of Christianity in Asia led to the development of unique Christian art and practices influenced by local traditions.

Overall, the period from 1500 to 1800 witnessed a dynamic interplay of trade, cultural exchange, and power struggles that shaped the trajectories of both Asian and European societies and laid the groundwork for modern global interconnectedness.

(collected from Facebook Uyghur Bookshelf)

Today's social classes can be defined as follows:

Two Broad Classes are Working Class & Petty Owners who depends on wage/salary/profit for survival and Capitalist Class whose main income comes from owned properties like factories machines land house shares stocks etc.

Working Class can be divided into to two sub classes:

Poor who depends on unskilled easily available low paid but regularly demanded jobs and Middle Class who depends on skilled less available high paid but not much demanded jobs. In Indian context one who earns Rs 15,000 per family member per month to Rs 1000,000 per month per family member is Middle Class. Below Rs 15,000 is Poor. Most of Poor's money goes to eating and health while most of Middle Class money goes to housing education and health. 95% people belong tho these Working Class or Petty Owners.

Capitalist Class can be divided into six sub classes:

1st Group has Minimum Rs 100,000 per month per family member earning mostly as interest income or profit on investments with net asset worth from Rs 2 crore to Rs 5 crore. Their assets are spread within domestic nation. This class is often one generation self made rich who often destroys their own wealth by bad investment and bad consumption. They often earn money in illegal ways and so state often seize their money.

2nd Group has net asset worth from Rs 5 crore to Rs 20 crore. They belong to Global Millionaire Class (sometimes a bit short but yet close). Their assets are spread throughout the globe. Some of 1st Group if lands here can survive but self made ones in general find it very difficult to stay here. They also come through illegal activities. But as they are shrewd enough to distribute wealth throughout the globe, any one state cannot seize their property or punish them.

3rd Group has net asset worth from Rs 20 crore to Rs 300 crore. Their assets are distributed across the globe and they often have political connections on which their business depend. Comprador class of any country has to remain content at this stage. This Group is often stuck here. Few is added here and almost nobody falls from this group. This group of rich is considered to be permanently rich. Some of them become member of the 4th Group after showing loyalty and acquiring knowledge for generations. They are not ruling class but definitely they are the top notch of the ruled ones.

4th Group has net worth Rs 300 crore to Rs 1,000 crore. They in general belong to ruling nation of a country. If any member from ruled nation join the club he can be taken down by state i.e. ruling nations. This Group is actually beginner Ruling Class.

5th Group of net worth Rs 1,000 crore to Rs 10,000 crore is exclusively reserved for ruling nations only. Their business depend a lot of state and political connections. They are either billionaires or aspiring billionaires. A country's foreign exchange reserve and exclusive imports and technologies are often maintained through this group's accounts.

6th Group is of net worth above Rs 10,000 crores and are clearly billionaires who have even the right to suggest and often shape a country's policies.

Now think, can a Working Class or Petty Owner become a member of the 6th Group of Rich?

Answer is a Middle Class has no way as his family is too small and has few trustable allies. He has too much to be desperate and he has too little to be adventurous. So a Middle Class can only see 5th and 6th Group and do orgasm.

A poor if has a big family with a lot of trustable friends then he can enter 1st Group or 2nd Group but often slips in the process.

Social Upward mobility is almost impossible today.