In French Revolution Third Estate or the middle class (bourgeoisie in French) was numerically superior to First & Second Estates combined (nobility and clergy). Also bourgeoisie class paid maximum taxes to French government but most of the monetary privileges of French Treasury went to nobility and clergy. So bourgeoisie class wants to stop the theft of their money by nobility and clergy in the name of tax. Naturally French bourgeoisie thought that if tey could bring Representative government in France their numerical strength would help them to reduce taxes on themselves and also reduce privileges of the first two estates. So clearly Payment According to Ability was the end goal of French bourgeoisie while Representative Government or Democracy was the means to achieve that goal.

Nepoleon understood this end and means strategy of the French bourgeoisie. So when he found that democracy was weakening the governance and destroying decision making capacity of French state, he rjected Democratic norms and brought back Monarchy while uphoding Payment According to Ability and its corollaries like Recruitment on the basis of merit, land to the tillers, etc.

Actually when the Producer Group is numerically more than Privileged Group then Democracy leads to Payment According to Ability. That's what happened in French Revolution.

But if the Producer Group is numerically less than Privileged Group then Democracy only violates Payment According to Ability Principle.

In case of class struggle usually Producer Group is more populated than Privileged Group.

But in case of multi national countries, it is often found that Producer Nation is less in number than Privileged Nation. In such a situation Democracy only ensures numerically superior Privileged nation to keep squeezing out the numerically weaker Producer nation. In this case, separation is the only desired outcome for the Producer nation. Such a situation exists today in India where South Indian provinces are paying maximum taxes while Hindi provinces are squeezing out maximum privileges using higher population figure. This is becoming most important point in Indian politics soon which has potential to balkanize India and change the course of world politics.

So Representative government has higher chance to ensure Payment According to Ability if the country is homogeneous. A Heterogeneous multi national country has maximum chance to end up where Democracy will violate Payment According to Ability.

So National Determination must precede any form of Representative Government.

Today's social classes can be defined as follows:

Two Broad Classes are Working Class & Petty Owners who depends on wage/salary/profit for survival and Capitalist Class whose main income comes from owned properties like factories machines land house shares stocks etc.

Working Class can be divided into to two sub classes:

Poor who depends on unskilled easily available low paid but regularly demanded jobs and Middle Class who depends on skilled less available high paid but not much demanded jobs. In Indian context one who earns Rs 15,000 per family member per month to Rs 1000,000 per month per family member is Middle Class. Below Rs 15,000 is Poor. Most of Poor's money goes to eating and health while most of Middle Class money goes to housing education and health. 95% people belong tho these Working Class or Petty Owners.

Capitalist Class can be divided into six sub classes:

1st Group has Minimum Rs 100,000 per month per family member earning mostly as interest income or profit on investments with net asset worth from Rs 2 crore to Rs 5 crore. Their assets are spread within domestic nation. This class is often one generation self made rich who often destroys their own wealth by bad investment and bad consumption. They often earn money in illegal ways and so state often seize their money.

2nd Group has net asset worth from Rs 5 crore to Rs 20 crore. They belong to Global Millionaire Class (sometimes a bit short but yet close). Their assets are spread throughout the globe. Some of 1st Group if lands here can survive but self made ones in general find it very difficult to stay here. They also come through illegal activities. But as they are shrewd enough to distribute wealth throughout the globe, any one state cannot seize their property or punish them.

3rd Group has net asset worth from Rs 20 crore to Rs 300 crore. Their assets are distributed across the globe and they often have political connections on which their business depend. Comprador class of any country has to remain content at this stage. This Group is often stuck here. Few is added here and almost nobody falls from this group. This group of rich is considered to be permanently rich. Some of them become member of the 4th Group after showing loyalty and acquiring knowledge for generations. They are not ruling class but definitely they are the top notch of the ruled ones.

4th Group has net worth Rs 300 crore to Rs 1,000 crore. They in general belong to ruling nation of a country. If any member from ruled nation join the club he can be taken down by state i.e. ruling nations. This Group is actually beginner Ruling Class.

5th Group of net worth Rs 1,000 crore to Rs 10,000 crore is exclusively reserved for ruling nations only. Their business depend a lot of state and political connections. They are either billionaires or aspiring billionaires. A country's foreign exchange reserve and exclusive imports and technologies are often maintained through this group's accounts.

6th Group is of net worth above Rs 10,000 crores and are clearly billionaires who have even the right to suggest and often shape a country's policies.

Now think, can a Working Class or Petty Owner become a member of the 6th Group of Rich?

Answer is a Middle Class has no way as his family is too small and has few trustable allies. He has too much to be desperate and he has too little to be adventurous. So a Middle Class can only see 5th and 6th Group and do orgasm.

A poor if has a big family with a lot of trustable friends then he can enter 1st Group or 2nd Group but often slips in the process.

Social Upward mobility is almost impossible today.

The Uyghurs played a significant role along the Ancient Silk Road, particularly in the region of Xinjiang, which was a crucial crossroads on the trade routes. Here's how the Uyghurs fit into the context of the Silk Road:

1. Uyghur Civilization: The Uyghurs are a Turkic ethnic group with a rich cultural heritage. They have historically inhabited the region of Xinjiang in present-day China, which was a critical juncture along the northern branch of the Silk Road.

2. Trade and Interaction: The Uyghur civilization flourished along the Silk Road route in the oasis cities. Cities such as Kashgar, Turpan, and Khotan were important trading hubs where goods and ideas from East and West converged. Uyghurs engaged in trade, craftsmanship, and cultural exchange with merchants and travellers from various backgrounds.

3. Cultural Fusion: Due to their location at the crossroads of different civilizations, the Uyghurs experienced a blending of cultures. This is reflected in their language, which is Turkic, with significant influences from Persian, Arabic, and Chinese. Art, architecture, cuisine, and music also reflect this cultural fusion.

4. Religion and Beliefs: Along with trade, the Silk Road facilitated the spread of religions. The Uyghurs practised various faiths, including Buddhism, Manichaeism, Nestorian Christianity, and later Islam. This diversity contributed to the region's cultural vibrancy.

5. Oasis Cities: The Uyghur-inhabited oasis cities were crucial for travellers and traders as rest stops, providing essential services such as food, water, shelter, and markets for goods. These cities were innovation centres in agriculture, irrigation, and urban planning.

6. Decline and Revival: Like the Silk Road, Uyghur culture and heritage faced challenges over time, including political changes and shifts in trade routes. In modern times, the Uyghurs have faced issues related to cultural preservation, human rights, and political tensions in the Xinjiang region.

7. Cultural Heritage: Despite challenges, efforts are ongoing to preserve and promote Uyghur culture, language, and traditions. This includes initiatives to protect historical sites, promote Uyghur arts and crafts, and raise awareness about the Uyghur people's contributions to Silk Road history.

Including the Uyghur perspective enriches the narrative of the Silk Road, highlighting the diverse peoples and cultures that contributed to its vibrant history.

(Copied from Uyghur Bookshelf) 

Because a technology is created after spending millions of money and years of time.

But whether that technology can be commercially employable is unknown to the technology creators.

For commercial viability a technology needs to be employed in a big market with high population and high purchasing power. Only then there is maximum chance that the technology can be employable & invested money will return & may be with profit.

European companies have small domestic economy with high purchasing power but low population.

So the best option for them is to sell their technologies to USA and now to China and earn a good profit covering the cost.

USSR also had same problem with USA since 1974 Nixon Breznev Deal. USSR was highest patent holder and creator of latest technologies. But USSR had to sell their technologies to USA which had three times higher purchasing power. That was an important reason why Socialist Block failed to gain handsomely from opening up of Breznev Era. This was well observed in Perestroika by Gorbachev.

*** মহানবী সা: বলেছেন “ স্বামী যখন তাঁর স্ত্রীকে দৈহিক প্রয়োজনে আহবান করবে, সে যেনো স্বামীর কাছে অত্যন্ত দ্রুত চলে আসে । এমনকি সে রান্না ঘরে রুটি পাকানোর কাজে ব্যস্ত থাকলেও ।”

সুনানে তিরমিযি ১১৬০

ছহীহুল জামে ৫৩৪

*** মহানবী সা: বলেছেন “ যে স্ত্রী স্বামীর ডাকে সাঁড়া না দেয় এবং স্বামী রাগান্বিত অবস্হায় সারারাত একাকী কাটায়, সে স্ত্রীর উপর ফিরিশ্তারা সকাল পর্যন্ত লা’নত দিতে থাকে ।”

ছহীহুল বোখারি ৫১৯৩

ছহীহ মুসলিম ১৪৩৬

সুনানে আবু দাউদ ২১৪১

নাসাঈ

*** মহানবী সা: বলেছেন “ তিন ব্যক্তির নামাজ তাঁদের মাথা অতিক্রম করেনা অর্থাৎ কবুল হয়না । তন্মধ্যে একজন হলেন অবাধ্য স্ত্রী , যে স্বামীর ডাকে সাঁড়া দেয়না এবং স্বামী রাগান্বিত অবস্হায় ঘুমায় ।”

তাবরানী ১০৮৬

সুনানে তিরমিযি ৩৬০

হাকেম

সিলসিলা ছহীহা ২৮৮

*** মহানবী সা: বলেছেন “ স্বামীর অনুমতি ব্যতিরেকে নফল রোজা রাখা যাবেনা এবং স্বামীর অপছন্দ ব্যক্তিকে ঘরে প্রবেশ করানো যাবেনা ।”

ছহীহুল বোখারি ৫১৯৫

ছহীহ মুসলিম ২৪১৭

দারেমী ১৭২০

সিলসিলা আহাদিসুস ছহীহা ৩৯৫

*** মহানবী সা: বলেছেন “ পরকালে আল্লাহপাক স্বামীর প্রতি অকৃতজ্ঞ স্ত্রীর দিকে তাকাবেন না ।”

নাসাঈ কুবরা ৯১৩৫

বাযযার ২৩৪৯

তাবরানী

হাকেম ২৭৭১

বাইহাক্বী ১৪৪৯৭

সিলসিলাহ ছহীহা ২৮৯

*** মহানবী সা: বলেছেন “ কোন স্ত্রী যদি তাঁর স্বামীর অধিকার সম্পর্কে জানতো, দিনে বা রাতের খাবার শেষ করে স্বামীর পাশে সারাক্ষণ দাঁড়িয়ে থাকতো ।”

ছহীহুল জামে ৫২৫৯

তাবরানী

*** মহানবী সা: বলেছেন “ স্বামীর অবাধ্য স্ত্রীর জন্য জান্নাত হারাম ।”

মুসনাদে আহমদ ১৯০০৩

নাসাঈ

হাকিম

বায়হাক্বী

*** মহানবী সা: বলেছেন “ যে স্ত্রী তাঁর স্বামীকে কষ্ট দেয়, জান্নাতের হুরেরা বলেন “ তোমার স্বামীকে কষ্ট দিওনা । তিনি তোমার কাছে সাময়িক মেহমান মাত্র । তোমাকে ছেড়ে অচিরেই আমাদের কাছে ফিরে আসবে ।”

তিরমিযি ১১৭৪

ইব্নে মাজাহ ২০১৪

*** মা- বাবা সহ সকলের মৃত্যুতে শোক পালন হচ্ছে মাত্র ৩ দিন পর্যন্ত । পক্ষান্তরে স্বামীর মৃত্যুতে শোক পালন করতে হবে ৪ মাস ১০ দিন ।

সূরা আল বাক্বারা ২৩৪

সংকলক আলহাজ্ব মাওলানা মুফতি জাকির হোসেন মোল্লা

ছহীহুল বোখারি ১২৮০ ( Copied from Facebook)

Japan and the Netherlands agreed with the U.S. to restrict exports of advanced chip-manufacturing equipment to China. How will it hurt China's chip industry?

Hands off China , let’s first see How the U.S. suppressed Japan's chip industry

China has not the only country targeted by the U.S. in the semiconductor sector.

In the 1980s, Japan, one of the U.S.'s closest allies, once produced about half of the world's semiconductors. In the year 1990, six of the world's top ten semiconductor manufacturers were Japanese companies.

In order to contain Japan's semiconductor industry, the U.S. launched the "301" investigation, threatened to label Japan as conducting unfair trade, and imposed retaliatory tariffs, forcing Japan to sign the U.S.-Japan Semiconductor Agreement.

As a result, Japanese semiconductor enterprises were almost completely driven out of global competition, and their market share dropped from 50 percent to 10 percent.

In the same time, with the support of the U.S. government, a large number of U.S. semiconductor enterprises took the opportunity and grabbed larger market share.

But China does have a different opponent, one that the United States has probably never encountered in its less than three hundred years of history. Take a quick look at the data for 2022

US tries to slow Chinas growth by denying China access to chip technology. But 55% of the semiconductor patents in the world came from China last year. That's more than twice as much as the US.

Are the Americans certain this is a war they will win?

(collected from Facebook)